Ārca Jyotiṣa

पंचसंवत्सरमयं युगाध्यक्षं प्रजापतिम् । दिनर्त्वयनमासांगं प्रणम्य शिरसा शुचिः

paṃcasaṃvatsaramayaṃ yugādhyakṣaṃ prajāpatim | dinartvayanamāsāṃgaṃ praṇamya śirasā śuciḥ

Having bowed with ⟨my⟩ head, purified, to Prajāpati — who is made of the five years, the overseer of the yuga, whose limbs are the days, the seasons, the ayanas and the months —

प्रणम्य शिरसा कालमभिवाद्य सरस्वतीम् । कालज्ञानं प्रवक्ष्यामि लगधस्य महात्मनः

praṇamya śirasā kālamabhivādya sarasvatīm | kālajñānaṃ pravakṣyāmi lagadhasya mahātmanaḥ

having bowed with ⟨my⟩ head to Time ⟨kāla⟩ and saluted Sarasvatī, I shall declare the knowledge of time ⟨kāla-jñāna⟩ of the great-souled Lagadha.

ज्योतिषामयनं कृत्स्नं प्रवक्ष्याम्यनुपूर्वशः । विप्राणां सम्मतं लोके यज्ञकालार्थसिद्धये

jyotiṣāmayanaṃ kṛtsnaṃ pravakṣyāmyanupūrvaśaḥ | viprāṇāṃ sammataṃ loke yajñakālārthasiddhaye

I shall declare in due order the whole 'course of the lights' ⟨jyotiṣām ayanam⟩, approved among the twice-born in the world, for the accomplishment of the purposes of the times of sacrifice.

निरेकं द्वादशाभ्यस्तं द्विगुणं गतसंज्ञिकम् । षष्ट्या षष्ट्या युतं द्वाभ्यां पर्वणां राशिरुच्यते

nirekaṃ dvādaśābhyastaṃ dviguṇaṃ gatasaṃjñikam | ṣaṣṭyā ṣaṣṭyā yutaṃ dvābhyāṃ parvaṇāṃ rāśirucyate

⟨The elapsed years⟩ less one, multiplied by twelve, ⟨increased by the elapsed months and⟩ doubled — that is what is termed 'elapsed' ⟨gata⟩; increased by two for every sixty and sixty: this is called the heap ⟨rāśi⟩ of parvans.

स्वराक्रमेते सोमार्कौ यदा साकं सवासवौ । स्यात्तदादियुगं माघस्तपः शुक्लोऽयनं ह्युदक्

svarākramete somārkau yadā sākaṃ savāsavau | syāttadādiyugaṃ māghastapaḥ śuklo'yanaṃ hyudak

When the Moon and the Sun ascend the sky together, in the company of ⟨the nakṣatra of⟩ Vāsava ⟨Śraviṣṭhā⟩, then it is the beginning of the yuga: ⟨the month⟩ Māgha, ⟨the season⟩ Tapas, the bright ⟨fortnight⟩, and the ayana is indeed northward.

प्रपद्येते श्रविष्ठादौ सूर्याचन्द्रमसावुदक् । सार्पार्धे दक्षिणार्कस्तु माघश्रावणयोः सदा

prapadyete śraviṣṭhādau sūryācandramasāvudak | sārpārdhe dakṣiṇārkastu māghaśrāvaṇayoḥ sadā

The Sun and the Moon begin the northward ⟨course⟩ at the beginning of Śraviṣṭhā; but the Sun ⟨begins⟩ the southward at the middle of Sārpa ⟨Āśleṣā⟩ — always in ⟨the months⟩ Māgha and Śrāvaṇa ⟨respectively⟩.

घर्मवृद्धिरपां प्रस्थः क्षपाह्रास उदग्गतौ । दक्षिणे तौ विपर्यासः षण्मुहूर्त्ययनेन तु

gharmavṛddhirapāṃ prasthaḥ kṣapāhrāsa udaggatau | dakṣiṇe tau viparyāsaḥ ṣaṇmuhūrtyayanena tu

In the northward course the increase of the day and the decrease of the night ⟨amount to⟩ a prastha of water; in the southern ⟨course⟩ these two are reversed — at six muhūrtas per ayana.

प्रथमं सप्तमं चाहुरयनाद्यं त्रयोदश । चतुर्थं दशमं चैव द्विर्युग्मं बहुलेऽप्यृतौ

prathamaṃ saptamaṃ cāhurayanādyaṃ trayodaśa | caturthaṃ daśamaṃ caiva dviryugmaṃ bahule'pyṛtau

And they call the beginnings of the ayanas the first, the seventh and the thirteenth, and the fourth and the tenth as well; twice the pair, in the dark ⟨fortnight⟩ of the season too.

वसुस्त्वष्टा भवोऽजश्च मित्रः सर्पोऽश्विनौ जलम् । धाता कश्चायनाद्याः स्युरर्धपंचमभस्त्वृतुः

vasustvaṣṭā bhavo'jaśca mitraḥ sarpo'śvinau jalam | dhātā kaścāyanādyāḥ syurardhapaṃcamabhastvṛtuḥ

Vasu ⟨Śraviṣṭhā⟩, Tvaṣṭṛ ⟨Citrā⟩, Bhava ⟨Ārdrā⟩ and Aja ⟨Pūrva Bhādrapadā⟩, Mitra ⟨Anurādhā⟩, Sarpa ⟨Āśleṣā⟩, the Aśvins ⟨Aśvinī⟩, Jala ⟨Pūrvāṣāḍhā⟩, Dhātṛ ⟨Uttara Phalgunī⟩ and Ka ⟨Rohiṇī⟩ — these are the beginnings of the ayanas; and a season is four and a half nakṣatras.

भांशाः स्युरष्टकाः कार्याः पक्षा द्वादशकोद्गताः । एकादशगुणश्चोनः शुक्लेऽर्धं चैन्दवा यदि

bhāṃśāḥ syuraṣṭakāḥ kāryāḥ pakṣā dvādaśakodgatāḥ | ekādaśaguṇaśconaḥ śukle'rdhaṃ caindavā yadi

The nakṣatra-parts ⟨bhāṃśa⟩ are to be taken in eights; the fortnights raised by twelve; and the deduction is elevenfold; and ⟨add⟩ a half in the bright ⟨fortnight⟩, if ⟨the quantities are⟩ lunar.

कार्या भांशाष्टकास्थाने कला एकान्नविंशतिः । ऊनस्थाने द्विसप्ततिमुद्वपेदूनसम्मिताः

kāryā bhāṃśāṣṭakāsthāne kalā ekānnaviṃśatiḥ | ūnasthāne dvisaptatimudvapedūnasammitāḥ

In place of the eights of nakṣatra-parts, nineteen kalās are to be made; in place of the deduction one should cast out seventy-three ⟨numeral disputed: seventy-two in all fourteen manuscripts⟩, reckoned as the deduction.

त्र्यंशो भशेषो दिवसांशभागश्चतुर्दशस्याप्यपनीय भिन्नम् । भार्धेऽधिके चाधिगते परेऽंशेद्यावुक्तमेकं नवकैर्भवेद्यः

tryaṃśo bhaśeṣo divasāṃśabhāgaścaturdaśasyāpyapanīya bhinnam | bhārdhe'dhike cādhigate pare'ṃśedyāvuktamekaṃ navakairbhavedyaḥ

A third is the nakṣatra-remainder, ⟨and⟩ the fractional part of the day-part; and having removed the fraction of the fourteenth as well; and when more than half a nakṣatra has been carried over into the further part — ⟨fourth quarter corrupt: as transmitted it seems to say that what was stated as one arises by nines⟩.

पक्षात्पंचदशाच्चोर्ध्वं तद्भुक्तमिति निर्दिशेत् । नवभिस्तूद्गतोऽंशः स्यादूनांशद्वयधिकेन तु

pakṣātpaṃcadaśāccordhvaṃ tadbhuktamiti nirdiśet | navabhistūdgato'ṃśaḥ syādūnāṃśadvayadhikena tu

And beyond the fifteenth of the fortnight one should declare that as 'elapsed' ⟨bhukta⟩; the part arises by nines, but with the deficiency-part increased by two.

जौ द्रा गः खे श्वे ही रो षा श्चिन्मूषक्ण्यः सूमाधाणः । रे मृ घाः स्वापोजः कृष्यो ह ज्येष्ठा इत्यृक्षा लिंगैः

jau drā gaḥ khe śve hī ro ṣā ścinmūṣakṇyaḥ sūmādhāṇaḥ | re mṛ ghāḥ svāpojaḥ kṛṣyo ha jyeṣṭhā ityṛkṣā liṃgaiḥ

⟨The syllables⟩ jau, drā, gaḥ, khe, śve, hī, ro, ṣā, ścin, mū, ṣa, kṇyaḥ, sū, mā, dhā, ṇaḥ, re, mṛ, ghāḥ, svā, po, jaḥ, kṛ, ṣyo, ha, jye, ṣṭhā — thus the nakṣatras ⟨are given⟩ by ⟨abbreviating⟩ marks.

जावाद्यंशैः समं विद्यात् पूर्वार्धे पर्व सूत्तरे । भादानं स्याच्चतुर्दश्यां काष्ठानां देविना कलाः

jāvādyaṃśaiḥ samaṃ vidyāt pūrvārdhe parva sūttare | bhādānaṃ syāccaturdaśyāṃ kāṣṭhānāṃ devinā kalāḥ

By ⟨the syllables⟩ beginning with 'jau' one should know the parvan to be the same in the first half and in the latter ⟨half⟩; the taking of the nakṣatra ⟨bhādāna⟩ falls on the fourteenth; the kalās of the kāṣṭhās ⟨are had⟩ by the 'devin' ⟨word uncertain⟩.

कला दश सविंशा स्याद् द्वे मुहूर्तस्य नाडिके । द्युस्त्रिंशत् तत्कलानां तु षट्शती त्र्यधिका भवेत्

kalā daśa saviṃśā syād dve muhūrtasya nāḍike | dyustriṃśat tatkalānāṃ tu ṣaṭśatī tryadhikā bhavet

A nāḍikā is ten kalās with a twentieth; two nāḍikās make a muhūrta. The day is thirty ⟨muhūrtas⟩; and of those kalās it comes to six hundred and three.

नाडिके द्वे मुहूर्तस्तु पंचाशत्पलमाढकम् । आढकात् कुम्भिका द्रोणः कुडवैर्वर्धते त्रिभिः

nāḍike dve muhūrtastu paṃcāśatpalamāḍhakam | āḍhakāt kumbhikā droṇaḥ kuḍavairvardhate tribhiḥ

Two nāḍikās are a muhūrta; fifty palas are an āḍhaka. From the āḍhaka ⟨comes⟩ the kumbhikā; the droṇa increases ⟨beyond it⟩ by three kuḍavas.

ससप्तकं भयुक् सोमः सूर्यो द्यूनि त्रयोदश । नवमानि च पंचाह्नः काष्ठाः पंचाक्षराः स्मृताः

sasaptakaṃ bhayuk somaḥ sūryo dyūni trayodaśa | navamāni ca paṃcāhnaḥ kāṣṭhāḥ paṃcākṣarāḥ smṛtāḥ

The Moon is joined with a nakṣatra ⟨for a day⟩ with a seventh ⟨reading disputed⟩; the Sun for thirteen days and five ninths; the kāṣṭhās of the day are declared to be of five syllables.

श्रविष्ठाभ्यो गणाभ्यस्तान् प्राग्विलग्नान् विनिर्दिशेत् । सूर्यान् मासान् षडभ्यस्तान् विद्याच्चान्द्रमसानृतून्

śraviṣṭhābhyo gaṇābhyastān prāgvilagnān vinirdiśet | sūryān māsān ṣaḍabhyastān vidyāccāndramasānṛtūn

From Śraviṣṭhā one should declare the ⟨nakṣatras⟩ multiplied by the group ⟨gaṇa⟩ as 'joined-before' ⟨prāg-vilagna⟩; and the months multiplied by six one should know as the lunar seasons.

अतीतपर्वभागेभ्यः शोधयेद् द्विगुणां तिथिम् । तेषु मंडलभागेषु तिथिनिष्ठांगतो रविः

atītaparvabhāgebhyaḥ śodhayed dviguṇāṃ tithim | teṣu maṃḍalabhāgeṣu tithiniṣṭhāṃgato raviḥ

From the parts of the elapsed parvans one should subtract twice the tithi; in those parts of the circle ⟨maṇḍala-bhāga⟩ stands the Sun, having reached the point fixed by the tithi.

याः पर्वभादानकलास्तासु सप्तगुणां तिथिम् । प्रक्षिपेत्तत् समूहस्तु विद्यादादानिकाः कलाः

yāḥ parvabhādānakalāstāsu saptaguṇāṃ tithim | prakṣipettat samūhastu vidyādādānikāḥ kalāḥ

Whatever are the kalās of the nakṣatra-taking ⟨bhādāna⟩ at the parvan — into those one should cast the tithi multiplied by seven; that sum one should know as the ādānika kalās.

यदुत्तरस्यायनतो गतं स्याच् छेषं तु यद् दक्षिणतोऽयनस्य । तदेकषष्ट्याद्विगुणं विभक्तं सद्वादशं स्याद् दिवसप्रमाणम्

yaduttarasyāyanato gataṃ syāc cheṣaṃ tu yad dakṣiṇato'yanasya | tadekaṣaṣṭyādviguṇaṃ vibhaktaṃ sadvādaśaṃ syād divasapramāṇam

Whatever has elapsed of the northern ayana, and what remains of the southern ayana — that, doubled and divided by sixty-one, together with twelve, is the measure of the day.

यदर्धं दिनभागानां सदा पर्वणि पर्वणि । ऋतुशेषं तु तद् विद्यात् संख्याय सह पर्वणाम्

yadardhaṃ dinabhāgānāṃ sadā parvaṇi parvaṇi | ṛtuśeṣaṃ tu tad vidyāt saṃkhyāya saha parvaṇām

Whatever is half of the day-parts, always at each parvan — that one should know as the remainder of the season, having reckoned it together with the parvans.

इत्युपायसमुद्देशो भूयोऽप्यह्नः प्रकल्पयेत् । ज्ञेयराशिं गताभ्यस्तं विभजेज्ज्ञानराशिना

ityupāyasamuddeśo bhūyo'pyahnaḥ prakalpayet | jñeyarāśiṃ gatābhyastaṃ vibhajejjñānarāśinā

Such is the statement of the method; and further one should reckon ⟨it⟩ for the day: the quantity to be found ⟨jñeya-rāśi⟩, multiplied by the elapsed ⟨quantity⟩, one should divide by the known quantity ⟨jñāna-rāśi⟩.

अग्निः प्रजापतिः सोमो रुद्रोऽदितिबृहस्पती । सर्पाश्च पितरश्चैव भगश्चैवार्यमापि च

agniḥ prajāpatiḥ somo rudro'ditibṛhaspatī | sarpāśca pitaraścaiva bhagaścaivāryamāpi ca

Agni ⟨Kṛttikā⟩, Prajāpati ⟨Rohiṇī⟩, Soma ⟨Mṛgaśiras⟩, Rudra ⟨Ārdrā⟩, Aditi ⟨Punarvasu⟩ and Bṛhaspati ⟨Puṣya⟩; the Serpents ⟨Āśleṣā⟩ and the Fathers ⟨Maghā⟩; Bhaga ⟨Pūrva Phalgunī⟩ and Aryaman too ⟨Uttara Phalgunī⟩.

सविता त्वष्टाथ वायुश्चेन्द्राग्नी मित्र एव च । इन्द्रो निर्ऋतिरापो वै विश्वेदेवास्तथैव च

savitā tvaṣṭātha vāyuścendrāgnī mitra eva ca | indro nirṛtirāpo vai viśvedevāstathaiva ca

Savitṛ ⟨Hasta⟩, Tvaṣṭṛ ⟨Citrā⟩, then Vāyu ⟨Svātī⟩, and Indrāgnī ⟨Viśākhā⟩, and Mitra ⟨Anurādhā⟩; Indra ⟨Jyeṣṭhā⟩, Nirṛti ⟨Mūla⟩, the Waters indeed ⟨Pūrvāṣāḍhā⟩, and likewise the All-gods ⟨Uttarāṣāḍhā⟩.

विष्णुर्वसवो वरुणोऽज एकपात् तथैव च । अहिर्बुध्न्यस्तथा पूषा अश्विनौ यम एव च

viṣṇurvasavo varuṇo'ja ekapāt tathaiva ca | ahirbudhnyastathā pūṣā aśvinau yama eva ca

Viṣṇu ⟨Śravaṇa⟩, the Vasus ⟨Śraviṣṭhā⟩, Varuṇa ⟨Śatabhiṣaj⟩, and likewise Ajaikapād ⟨Pūrva Bhādrapadā⟩; Ahirbudhnya ⟨Uttara Bhādrapadā⟩, then Pūṣan ⟨Revatī⟩, the Aśvins ⟨Aśvinī⟩, and Yama ⟨Bharaṇī⟩.

नक्षत्रदेवता एता एताभिर्यज्ञकर्मणि । यजमानस्य शास्त्रज्ञैर्नाम नक्षत्रजं स्मृतम्

nakṣatradevatā etā etābhiryajñakarmaṇi | yajamānasya śāstrajñairnāma nakṣatrajaṃ smṛtam

These are the deities of the nakṣatras; by these, in the work of sacrifice, the nakṣatra-born name of the sacrificer is held ⟨to be fixed⟩ by those who know the śāstra.

इत्येतन्मासवर्षाणां मुहूर्तोदयपर्वणाम् । दिनर्त्वयनमासांगं व्याख्यानं लगधोऽब्रवीत्

ityetanmāsavarṣāṇāṃ muhūrtodayaparvaṇām | dinartvayanamāsāṃgaṃ vyākhyānaṃ lagadho'bravīt

Thus Lagadha spoke the exposition of the months and years, of the muhūrtas, the risings and the parvans — ⟨an exposition⟩ whose limbs are the days, the seasons, the ayanas and the months.

सोमसूर्यस्तृचरितं लोकं लोके च सम्मतिम् । सोमसूर्यस्तृचरितं विद्वान् वेदविदश्नुते

somasūryastṛcaritaṃ lokaṃ loke ca sammatim | somasūryastṛcaritaṃ vidvān vedavidaśnute

The world of the course of the Moon, the Sun ⟨and the nakṣatras⟩, and esteem in the world — the Veda-knower who knows the course of the Moon, the Sun ⟨and the nakṣatras⟩ attains ⟨these⟩.

विषुवं तद्गुणं द्वाभ्यां रूपहीनं तु षड्गुणम् । यल्लब्धं तानि पर्वाणि तथार्धं सा तिथिर्भवेत्

viṣuvaṃ tadguṇaṃ dvābhyāṃ rūpahīnaṃ tu ṣaḍguṇam | yallabdhaṃ tāni parvāṇi tathārdhaṃ sā tithirbhavet

⟨Take the serial number of⟩ the viṣuvat; multiplied by two, diminished by one (rūpa), and then multiplied by six — what is obtained, those are the parvans ⟨elapsed⟩; and half of that, that is the tithi.

माघशुक्लप्रवृत्तस्य पौषकृष्णसमापिनः । युगस्य पंचवर्षस्य कालज्ञानं प्रचक्षते

māghaśuklapravṛttasya pauṣakṛṣṇasamāpinaḥ | yugasya paṃcavarṣasya kālajñānaṃ pracakṣate

Of the five-year yuga, which begins in the bright ⟨fortnight⟩ of Māgha and ends in the dark ⟨fortnight⟩ of Pauṣa, ⟨the teachers⟩ declare the knowledge of time.

तृतीयां नवमीं चैव पौर्णमासीमथासिते । षष्ठीं च विषुवान् प्रोक्तो द्वादशीं च समं भवेत्

tṛtīyāṃ navamīṃ caiva paurṇamāsīmathāsite | ṣaṣṭhīṃ ca viṣuvān prokto dvādaśīṃ ca samaṃ bhavet

The viṣuvat is declared ⟨to fall⟩ on the third ⟨tithi⟩, on the ninth, and on the full-moon day (paurṇamāsī); then, in the dark ⟨fortnight⟩, on the sixth — and on the twelfth alike.

चतुर्दशीमुपवसथस्तथा भवेद्यथोदितो दिवसमुपैति चन्द्रमाः । माघशुक्लाह्निको भुङ्क्ते श्रविष्ठायां च वार्षिकीम्

caturdaśīmupavasathastathā bhavedyathodito divasamupaiti candramāḥ | māghaśuklāhniko bhuṅkte śraviṣṭhāyāṃ ca vārṣikīm

The upavasatha ⟨fast-day before the sacrifice⟩ would fall on the fourteenth, in the manner in which the Moon, once risen, carries on into the day. ⟨The Moon,⟩ whose daily ⟨reckoning begins⟩ in the bright ⟨fortnight⟩ of Māgha, traverses the yearly ⟨course⟩ in Śraviṣṭhā.

यथा शिखा मयूराणां नागानां मणयो यथा । तद्वद्वेदांगशास्त्राणां ज्यौतिषं मूर्धनि स्थितम्

yathā śikhā mayūrāṇāṃ nāgānāṃ maṇayo yathā | tadvadvedāṃgaśāstrāṇāṃ jyautiṣaṃ mūrdhani sthitam

As the crest is upon peacocks, and as the gems are upon serpents (nāga), so does jyotiṣa stand at the head of the śāstras that are the limbs of the Veda (vedāṅga).

वेदा हि यज्ञार्थमभिप्रवृत्ताः कालानुपूर्वा विहिताश्च यज्ञाः । तस्मादिदं कालविधानशास्त्रं यो ज्योतिषं वेद स वेद यज्ञान्

vedā hi yajñārthamabhipravṛttāḥ kālānupūrvā vihitāśca yajñāḥ | tasmādidaṃ kālavidhānaśāstraṃ yo jyotiṣaṃ veda sa veda yajñān

The Vedas indeed have gone forth for the sake of sacrifice, and the sacrifices are ordained in the ordered sequence of time. Therefore he who knows this śāstra that ordains time, ⟨that is,⟩ jyotiṣa — he knows the sacrifices.